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to do one's PhD

  • 1 work on one’s PhD thesis

    work v on one’s PhD thesis EDU an seiner Doktorarbeit sitzen

    Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > work on one’s PhD thesis

  • 2 be (one's) PhD student

    Образование: учиться в аспирантуре (he became my PhD student - он учился у меня в аспирантуре)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > be (one's) PhD student

  • 3 PhD

    [,pi: ei  'di:]
    ( abbreviation) (Doctor of Philosophy; an advanced university degree: She has a PhD in chemistry/history.)
    * * *
    [ˌpi:eɪtʃˈdi:]
    n abbrev of Doctor of Philosophy Dr., Doktor m
    she has a \PhD in physics sie ist promovierte Physikerin
    he's doing a \PhD at Oxford er macht gerade in Oxford seinen Doktor fam
    she is a \PhD sie hat einen Doktortitel
    \PhD student Doktorand(in) m(f), ÖSTERR bes Dissertant(in) m(f)
    \PhD thesis Doktorarbeit f, Dissertation f
    * * *
    n
    Doktor m, Dr.

    to do one's PhD — seinen Doktor machen, promovieren

    to get one's PhD — den Doktor bekommen

    John Smith PhD — Dr. John Smith

    * * *
    PhD [ˌpiːeıtʃˈdiː] s abk Philosophiae Doctor, Doctor of Philosophy:
    do a ( oder one’s) PhD promovieren, den oder seinen Doktor machen
    * * *
    n.
    Promotion (Universität) f.

    English-german dictionary > PhD

  • 4 PhD

    abbr
    (= Doctor of Philosophy) Dr. phil, (dissertation) Doktorarbeit f

    English-German mini dictionary > PhD

  • 5 PhD

    abbr
    (= Doctor of Philosophy) Dr. phil, (dissertation) Doktorarbeit f

    English-German mini dictionary > PhD

  • 6 be PhD student

    Образование: (one's) учиться в аспирантуре (he became my PhD student - он учился у меня в аспирантуре)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > be PhD student

  • 7 Philosophiae Doctor

    PhD [ˌpiːeıtʃˈdiː] s abk Philosophiae Doctor, Doctor of Philosophy:
    do a ( oder one’s) PhD promovieren, den oder seinen Doktor machen

    English-german dictionary > Philosophiae Doctor

  • 8 Doctor of Philosophy

    PhD [ˌpiːeıtʃˈdiː] s abk Philosophiae Doctor, Doctor of Philosophy:
    do a ( oder one’s) PhD promovieren, den oder seinen Doktor machen

    English-german dictionary > Doctor of Philosophy

  • 9 doctorarse

    doctorarse ( conjugate doctorarse) verbo pronominal to earn o get one's doctorate, do one's PhD

    English-spanish dictionary > doctorarse

  • 10 actually

    В наиболее общем виде коммуникативный смысл частицы actually связан обычно с указанием на какой-либо актуальный факт как на факт реальной действительности, часто выступающий как нечто новое, неосознанное, а порой и неожиданное по сравнению с тем, что говорилось ранее, что обычно считается истинным, что думал собеседник. В этой связи функцию указания на действительное положение дел следует, пожалуй, считать базисной, изначальной функцией actually, от которой развились другие ее функции, часто встречающиеся в разговорной речи. В письменном, книжном языке указанная частица употребляется, в основном, именно в базисной функции, и здесь подходящими эквивалентами частицы могут служить русские на самом деле и действительно:

    •... the people who were appointed to top posts never actually applied for them before they were approached (DL: 164)


    ... люди, назначаемые на высшие должности, на самом деле всегда подавали заявления лишь после того, как им предлагали это сделать.


    Функция указания на действительное (в противоположность несуществующему) положение дел встречается, однако, не только в письменном стиле, но и в нейтральном, и в разговорном, где в качестве эквивалентов, в силу своей нейтральности, могут выступать те же, уже указанные выше слова:

    • None of them actually saw the Monster.


    Никто из них на самом деле не видел Лохнесское Чудовище.


    •... it was just like being married, really, and when we actually got married it was a purely social event... (DL: 219)


    ... на самом деле мы жили в точности как муж и жена, а когда мы действительно поженились, это было чисто формальное мероприятие.


    При сопоставлении в одном предложении двух фактов с точки зрения того, какой из них ближе к действительному положению вещей, actually может выполнять эмфатическую функцию и переводиться различными усилительными средствами:

    •... it led to the development of mathematics which were viewed as akin to, if not actually identical with, the workings of the mind of God. (RS: 314)


    ... это привело к развитию математики, поскольку считалось, что математические процессы схожи с процессами, происходящими в уме Творца, а то и полностью совпадают с ними (или даже полностью совпадают с ними).


    Одной из наиболее распространенных разговорных функций actually следует признать функцию привлечения внимания к актуальному для данной ситуации факту. В этом случае значение, приобретаемое частицей, становится близким к значениям русских вводных слов кстати, надо сказать и между прочим:

    • And he did introduce us to two people. The Greek actor he said was going to play the poet. And the director. Another Greek. We all had dinner... actually we liked them both. (F: 341)


    И он действительно познакомил нас с двумя людьми. С актером-греком, который, как он сказал, будет играть роль поэта. И режиссером. Тоже греком. Мы обедали все вместе... между прочим, они оба нам понравились.


    • It's just a technique, actually rather a marvellous one, for helping you get into a part. (F: 292).


    Это просто способ, кстати, очень даже неплохой способ помочь вам вжиться в роль.


    С помощью частицы actually говорящий может не просто привлекать внимание к какому-либо факту, а использовать вводимое частицей высказывание в качестве уточнения, объяснения сказанного выше. В этом случае подходящим эквивалентом частицы может стать русское выражение дело в том, что (или частица вообще-то):

    • - I suppose we both preferred our own company.


    - That's not very complimentary of you.


    - Sorry. I didn't mean to sound offensive. Actually, I was feeling rather dreary, and thought I'd better keep it to myself. (Pr: 126)


    - Мне кажется, мы оба не хотели никого видеть.


    - Это не очень-то вежливо с вашей стороны.


    - Извините. Я не хотел никого обидеть. Дело в том, что я был в довольно дурном настроении и подумал, что мне лучше побыть одному.


    Выступая в функции привлечения внимания к актуальному факту, частица actually может приобретать дополнительные оттенки смысла, а именно выражать противопоставление или поправку по отношению к предыдущему высказыванию. Однако приобретаемый частицей оттенок полемичности носит вежливый и мягкий характер, в связи с чем на роль ее эквивалента хорошо подходят русские частицы вообще и вообще-то (хотя часто возможно использование также и уже упомянутого выражения на самом деле). Рассмотрим ряд примеров:

    • "But I thought he did something rather fine during the resistance." - "Not on your nelly. Actually he did a deal with the Germans." (F: 621)


    "Но мне казалось, что он неплохо проявил себя в период Сопротивления." - "Ничего подобного. Он вообще сотрудничал с немцами."


    В приведенном примере частица вводит факт, вступающий в отношение противопоставленности по отношению к высказыванию первого собеседника: герой не только не участвовал в Сопротивлении, но, напротив, сотрудничал с оккупантами.

    • 'Have you two introduced yourselves?" - "We've met before, actually. In Genoa." (DL: 216)


    "Вы представились друг другу?" - " Вообще-то мы уже встречались раньше. В Генуе."


    • "Have you published much?" -"No, not a lot. Well, nothing, yet, actually. I am still working on my PhD." (DL: 10)


    "У вас много публикаций?" - "Нет, не очень, вообще-то, пока на самом деле ни одной. Я ещё работаю над своей диссертацией."


    В двух последних примерах видно, как с помощью частицы actually говорящий вводит коррекцию либо собственного высказывания, либо высказывания собеседника.
    Особый интерес с точки зрения перевода представляют случаи, когда частица предваряет высказывание, подкрепляющее или усиливающее предыдущее. В этом случае в переводе необходимо отразить дополнительный эмотивный компонент смысла, появляющийся у частицы в таких контекстах, что позволяет сделать русская частица даже:

    • Only one passenger has a hardback book on her lap, and actually seems to be making notes as she reads. (DL: 88)


    Лишь у одной пассажирки на коленях лежит серьезная книга, и, читая, она, похоже, даже делает в ней пометки.


    • 'Would you say you were a strikingly pretty little girl... were you conscious that there was something rather special about you?" - "... the answer is yes, I believe there was. Actually I was painted." (F: 602)


    "Могли бы вы сказать, что были поразительно красивым ребенком... вы осознавали, что в вас есть что-то особенное?" - "... я отвечу да, я думаю, что-то было. Один художник даже писал мой портрет."


    Эмотивный компонент удивления говорящего по поводу какого-либо факта реальной действительности в целом встречается достаточно часто и, в зависимости от контекста, может переводиться другими русскими средствами:

    • Lampton, in the same position, made no attempt to escape, but devoted his attention to his studies, passing his main accountancy examination whilst actually a prisoner. (JB: 149)


    Лэмптон в такой же ситуации не предпринял попытки бежать, а посвятил себя учебе, сдав свой основной экзамен по бухгалтерскому делу, фактически находясь в заключении.


    • "What did he use to do at the orgies?" - "I don't know, darling. Mummy would never be very explicit. Though actually she seems proud of him." (JB: 155)


    "А что он обычно делал во время этих оргий?" - "Не знаю, дорогой. Мама всегда отвечала на этот вопрос уклончиво. Хотя, как ни странно, она, кажется, гордится им."


    Интересно также отметить случаи, когда частица actually употребляется для обозначения перехода от одной темы к другой или возврата к предыдущей или основной теме монолога. В этой функции частица может быть переведена различными функциональными эквивалентами в зависимости от контекста и в соответствии с принципом естественности звучания:

    • "Nothing, old boy. Really. All damned absurd. Actually I was out walking one day. May or June, can't remember." (F: 622)


    "Ничего, старина. Поверь мне. Все чертовски глупо. Ну, короче, вышел я раз прогуляться. Было это в мае или июне, сейчас не помню." (переход к более конкретному рассказу)


    • "Не spoke English?" - "Perfect. Moved round Europe all his life, best society and all that. Well, actually I found one of the twins a shade off. Not my type. (F: 623)


    "Он говорил по-английски?" - "Великолепно. Ездил по Европе всю свою жизнь, лучшее общество и все такое. Да, ну так вот, одна из девиц меня слегка разочаровала. Не в моем вкусе." (переход к основной теме разговора)


    В заключение стоит сказать, что в разговорной речи иногда происходит почти полная десемантизация частицы actually, когда она используется фактически лишь для того, чтобы заполнить паузу или смягчить эффект неприятной для собеседника информации. Следующий пример иллюстрирует подобное употребление:

    • "Well actually then there is only this. We've just advertised it." She handed me a clipping. (F: 22)


    Мы видим, что actually, как и well, не несет в себе никакой информации, кроме чисто прагматической: героиня думает, как лучше преподнести собеседнику то, что ему, скорей всего, не понравится, что может его расстроить. В переводе возможно, наверное, обойтись вообще одним ну (на обе английские частицы), хотя добавление такого десемантизированного слова как, например, собственно (или в общем-то), в данном случае позволяет, на наш взгляд, дополнительно усилить прагматический эффект:

    "Ну, собственно, тогда есть только это. Мы только что подали объявление в газету." Она протянула мне газетную вырезку.


    Очевидно, однако, что перевод десемантизированной частицы будет в каждом конкретном случае сильно зависеть от контекста.

    Английские частицы. Англо-русский словарь > actually

  • 11 Berezin, Evelyn

    [br]
    b. 1925 New York, USA
    [br]
    American pioneer in computer technology.
    [br]
    Born into a poor family in the Bronx, New York City, Berezin first majored in business studies but transferred her interest to physics. She graduated in 1946 and then, with the aid of an Atomic Energy Commission fellowship, she obtained her PhD in cosmic ray physics at New York University. When the fellowship expired, opportunities in the developing field of electronic data processing seemed more promising than thise in physics. Berezin entered the firm of Electronic Computer Corporation in 1951 and was asked to "build a computer", although few at that time had actually seen one; the result was the Elecom 200. In 1953, for Underwood Corporation, she designed the first office computer, although it was never marketed, as Underwood sold out to Olivetti.
    Berezin's next position was as head of logic design for Teleregister Corporation in the late 1950s. Here, she led a team specializing in the design of on-line systems. Her most notable achievement was the design of a nationwide online computer reservation system for United Airlines, the first system of this kind and the precursor of similar on-line systems. It was installed in the early 1960s and was the first large non-military on-line interactive system.
    In the 1960s Berezin moved to the Digitronics Corporation as manager of logic design, her work here resulted in the first high-speed commercial digital communications terminal. Also in the 1960s, her involvement in Data Secretary, a challenger to the IBM editing typewriter, makes it possible to regard her as one of the pioneers of word processing. In 1976 Berezin transferred from the electronic data and computing field to that of financial management.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Stanley, 1993, Mothers and Daughters of Invention, Meruchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 651–3.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Berezin, Evelyn

  • 12 Langmuir, Irving

    [br]
    b. 31 January 1881 Brooklyn, New York, USA
    d. 16 August 1957 Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA
    [br]
    American Nobel Prize winner in chemistry in 1932 who was responsible for a number of important scientific developments ranging from electric lamps, through a high-vacuum transmitting tube (for broadcasting) to a high-vacuum mercury pump for studies in atomic structure, in radar and the stimulation of artificial rainfall.
    [br]
    Langmuir took a degree in metallurgical engineering at Columbia University School of Mines, and then a PhD in chemistry at Göttingen University in Germany. For much of his life he carried out research in physical chemistry at the General Electric Research Laboratory at Schenechtady, New York, where he remained until his retirement in 1950. One important result of his work there led to a great improvement in artificial illumination of homes. This was his development in 1913 of a much more efficient electric light bulb, which was filled with argon gas and had a coiled filament. The idea of using an inert gas was an old one, but it was not a viable proposition until a filament that could be coiled became available. Overall, Langmuir's lamp was more reliable than previous designs and gave a brighter light.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Arthur A.Bright, 1949, The Electric Lamp Industry, New York: Macmillan. Floyd A.Lewis, 1961, The Incandescent Light, New York: Shorewood.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Langmuir, Irving

  • 13 go on

    1. intransitive verb
    1) weitergehen/-fahren; (by vehicle) die Reise/Fahrt usw. fortsetzen; (go ahead) vorausgehen/-fahren
    2) (continue) weitergehen; [Kämpfe:] anhalten; [Verhandlungen, Arbeiten:] [an]dauern; (continue to act) weitermachen; (continue to live) weiterleben

    go on for weeks — etc. Wochen usw. dauern

    go on to say — etc. fortfahren und sagen usw.

    go on [and on] — (coll.): (chatter) reden und reden

    go on about somebody/something — (coll.) (talk) stundenlang von jemandem/etwas erzählen; (complain) sich ständig über jemanden/etwas beklagen

    go on at somebody — (coll.) auf jemandem herumhacken (ugs.)

    3) (elapse) [Zeit:] vergehen

    as time/the years went on — im Laufe der Zeit/Jahre

    4) (happen) passieren; vor sich gehen

    there's more going on in the big cities — in den großen Städten ist mehr los

    what's going on? — was geht vor?; was ist los?

    5)

    be going on [for]... — (be nearly) fast... sein

    he is going on [for] ninety — er geht auf die Neunzig zu

    it is going on [for] ten o'clock — es geht auf 10 Uhr zu

    6) (behave) sich benehmen; sich aufführen
    7) [Kleidung:] passen

    my dress wouldn't go on — ich kam nicht in mein Kleid rein (ugs.)

    8) (Theatre) auftreten
    9) [Licht:] angehen; [Strom, Wasser:] kommen

    go on again — [Strom, Gas, Wasser:] wiederkommen

    10)

    go on! — (proceed) los, mach schon! (ugs.); (resume) fahren Sie fort!; (coll.): (stop talking nonsense) ach, geh od. komm! (ugs.)

    2. transitive verb
    1) (ride on) fahren mit

    go on working/talking — etc. weiterarbeiten/-reden usw.

    go on trying — es weiter[hin] versuchen

    3) (coll.): (be guided by) sich stützen auf (+ Akk.)
    4) (begin to receive) bekommen, erhalten [Arbeitslosengeld, Sozialfürsorge]; see also academic.ru/21703/dole">dole 1.
    5) (start to take) nehmen [Medikament, Drogen]

    go on a diet — eine Abmagerungs- od. Schlankheitskur machen

    6) (coll.): (like) see much 3. 4). See also go 1. 1), 2), 22)
    * * *
    1) (to continue: Go on reading - I won't disturb you.) fortfahren
    2) (to talk a great deal, usually too much: She goes on and on about her health.) weiter fortfahren
    3) (to happen: What is going on here?) vor sich gehen
    4) (to base one's investigations etc on: The police had very few clues to go on in their search for the murderer.) fortfahren
    * * *
    ◆ go on
    vi
    1. (go further) weitergehen; vehicle weiterfahren
    to \go on on ahead vorausgehen; vehicle vorausfahren
    2. (extend) sich akk erstrecken; time voranschreiten
    the forests seemed to \go on on for ever die Wälder schienen sich bis in die Unendlichkeit zu erstrecken
    it'll get warmer as the day \go ones on im Laufe des Tages wird es wärmer
    as time went on, their friendship blossomed im Laufe der Zeit wurde ihre Freundschaft immer tiefer
    3. (continue) weitermachen; fights anhalten; negotiations andauern fam
    I can't \go on on ich kann nicht mehr
    you can't \go on on like that indefinitely du kannst nicht ewig so weitermachen
    we can't \go on on arguing like this wir können nicht immerzu so weiter streiten
    how can you \go on on as if nothing has happened? wie kannst du nur einfach so weitermachen, als sei nichts passiert?
    to \go on on trying es weiter versuchen
    to \go on on working weiterarbeiten
    to \go on on and on kein Ende nehmen [wollen]
    4. (continue speaking) weiterreden; (speak incessantly) unaufhörlich reden
    sorry, please \go on on Entschuldigung, bitte fahren Sie fort
    he just \go ones on and on er redet echt wie ein Wasserfall fam
    she went on to talk about her time in Africa sie erzählte weiter von ihrer Zeit in Afrika
    he went on to say that... dann sagte er, dass...
    “... and then,” he went on... „... und dann“, fuhr er fort...
    ▪ to \go on on about sb/sth stundenlang über jdn/etw reden
    to always \go on on [about sth] andauernd [über etw akk] reden
    ▪ to \go on on about sb/sth dauernd über jdn/etw klagen
    ▪ to \go on on at sb an jdm herumnörgeln [o herummäkeln] fam
    6. (happen) passieren
    this has been \go oning on for months now das geht jetzt schon Monate so!
    what on earth's been \go oning on here? was um alles in der Welt ist denn hier passiert?
    what's \go oning on here? was geht denn hier vor?
    I always knew that he would \go on on to a successful career ich wusste schon immer, dass er es mal zu etwas bringen würde
    she went on to do a PhD sie strebte einen Doktortitel an
    he went on to become a teacher später wurde er Lehrer
    what proportion of people who are HIV-positive \go on on to develop AIDS? bei wie viel Prozent der HIV-Infizierten bricht tatsächlich AIDS aus?
    8. (start, embark on) anfangen
    this is the second fishing trip he's gone on this summer das ist dieses Jahr schon sein zweiter Angelurlaub
    to \go on on [or onto] the attack den Angriff starten
    to \go on on a diet auf Diät gehen
    to \go on on the dole stempeln gehen fam
    to \go on on an expedition auf eine Expedition gehen
    to \go on on a half-day week halbtags arbeiten
    to \go on on [a] holiday in Urlaub gehen, auf Urlaub fahren ÖSTERR, in die Ferien fahren SCHWEIZ
    to \go on on honeymoon auf Hochzeitsreise gehen, eine Hochzeitsreise machen ÖSTERR
    to \go on on a journey eine Reise machen
    to \go on on the pill MED die Pille nehmen
    to \go on on strike in den Streik treten
    to \go on on tour auf Tournee gehen
    9. TECH lights angehen
    10. THEAT auftreten
    I don't \go on on until the second act ich komme erst im zweiten Akt dran
    11. SPORT an der Reihe sein
    ▪ to \go on on sth evidence sich akk auf etw akk stützen
    we haven't got any anything to \go on on yet wir haben noch keine Anhaltspunkte
    13. (fit)
    ▪ to \go on on [sth]:
    these boots won't \go on on over my thick socks diese Stiefel passen nicht über meine dicken Socken
    this shoe just won't \go on on ich kriege diesen Schuh einfach nicht an fam
    14. (belong on)
    ▪ to \go on on sth auf etw akk gehören
    that vice \go ones on the workbench diese Schraubzwinge gehört auf die Werkbank
    15. FIN (be allocated to)
    ▪ to \go on on sth expenses auf etw akk gehen
    all travel expenses \go on on the company account die Firma übernimmt alle Reisekosten
    16. (as encouragement)
    \go on on, have another drink na komm, trink noch einen
    \go on on and ask directions komm, frag nach dem Weg
    \go on on! los, mach schon!
    \go on on, tell me! jetzt sag schon! fam
    17. (expressing disbelief)
    what, they eloped? \go on on, you must be kidding! was, sie sind abgehauen? das ist nicht dein Ernst! fam
    18. (ride on)
    ▪ to \go on on the swings auf die Schaukel gehen
    19. (approach)
    my granny is \go oning on [for] ninety meine Oma geht auf die neunzig zu
    it's \go oning on [for] nine o'clock es geht auf neun zu
    I'm \go oning on [for] ten! ich bin [schon] fast zehn!
    * * *
    go on v/i
    1. weitergehen, -fahren
    2. weitermachen ( with mit), fortfahren ( doing zu tun; with mit):
    go on!
    a) (mach) weiter!,
    b) iron hör auf!, ach komm!;
    go on reading lies weiter!
    3. daraufhin anfangen ( to do zu tun):
    he went on to say darauf sagte er;
    go on to sth zu einer Sache übergehen
    4. fortdauern, weitergehen:
    his speech went on for more than two hours seine Rede dauerte länger als zwei Stunden;
    life goes on das Leben geht weiter
    5. vor sich gehen, vorgehen, passieren: I don’t know what’s going on in his head was in seinem Kopf vorgeht;
    what’s going on here? was ist hier los?
    6. sich benehmen oder aufführen:
    don’t go on like that! hör auf damit!
    7. umg
    a) unaufhörlich reden oder schwatzen ( about über akk, von)
    b) ständig herumnörgeln (at an dat)
    8. angehen (Licht etc)
    9. THEAT auftreten
    10. go on for gehen auf (akk), bald sein:
    it’s going on for 5 o’clock;
    he is going on for 60 er geht auf die Sechzig zu
    11. fahren mit: → ghost train
    12. ein Medikament nehmen: → pill A 4
    13. → go1 C 17
    * * *
    1. intransitive verb
    1) weitergehen/-fahren; (by vehicle) die Reise/Fahrt usw. fortsetzen; (go ahead) vorausgehen/-fahren
    2) (continue) weitergehen; [Kämpfe:] anhalten; [Verhandlungen, Arbeiten:] [an]dauern; (continue to act) weitermachen; (continue to live) weiterleben

    go on for weeks — etc. Wochen usw. dauern

    go on to say — etc. fortfahren und sagen usw.

    go on [and on] — (coll.): (chatter) reden und reden

    go on about somebody/something — (coll.) (talk) stundenlang von jemandem/etwas erzählen; (complain) sich ständig über jemanden/etwas beklagen

    go on at somebody — (coll.) auf jemandem herumhacken (ugs.)

    3) (elapse) [Zeit:] vergehen

    as time/the years went on — im Laufe der Zeit/Jahre

    4) (happen) passieren; vor sich gehen

    what's going on? — was geht vor?; was ist los?

    5)

    be going on [for]... — (be nearly) fast... sein

    he is going on [for] ninety — er geht auf die Neunzig zu

    it is going on [for] ten o'clock — es geht auf 10 Uhr zu

    6) (behave) sich benehmen; sich aufführen
    7) [Kleidung:] passen
    8) (Theatre) auftreten
    9) [Licht:] angehen; [Strom, Wasser:] kommen

    go on again — [Strom, Gas, Wasser:] wiederkommen

    10)

    go on! — (proceed) los, mach schon! (ugs.); (resume) fahren Sie fort!; (coll.): (stop talking nonsense) ach, geh od. komm! (ugs.)

    2. transitive verb
    1) (ride on) fahren mit

    go on working/talking — etc. weiterarbeiten/-reden usw.

    go on trying — es weiter[hin] versuchen

    3) (coll.): (be guided by) sich stützen auf (+ Akk.)
    4) (begin to receive) bekommen, erhalten [Arbeitslosengeld, Sozialfürsorge]; see also dole 1.
    5) (start to take) nehmen [Medikament, Drogen]

    go on a diet — eine Abmagerungs- od. Schlankheitskur machen

    6) (coll.): (like) see much 3. 4). See also go 1. 1), 2), 22)
    * * *
    v.
    angehen v.
    weiterfahren v.
    weitergehen v.

    English-german dictionary > go on

  • 14 doctorate

    doc·tor·ate [ʼdɒktərət, Am ʼdɑ:k-] n
    Doktor m, Doktortitel m;
    to receive one's \doctorate seinen Doktortitel erhalten;
    \doctorate in science/ philosophy Doktor[titel] m in Naturwissenschaften/Philosophie;
    honorary \doctorate Ehrendoktorwürde f;
    to award [or grant] a \doctorate die Doktorwürde verliehen bekommen
    ¿ Kultur?
    Ein doctorate - Doktorwürde oder ein doctor's degree in einem Fach ist der höchste akademische Grad, den man in der Regel für eine wissenschaftliche Arbeit von einer Universität verliehen bekommt. Der am häufigsten verliehene doctorate ist ein PhD oder ein DPhil - Doctor of Philosophy für eine Doktorarbeit in geisteswissenschaftlichen Fächern; weitere sind: DMus - Doctor of Music, MD - Doctor of Medicine, LLD - Doctor of Laws und DD - Doctor of Divinity - Doktor der Theologie. Ein honorary doctorate - Ehrendoktor, z.B. ein DLitt - Doctor of Letters oder ein DSc - Doctor of Science kann eine Universität einer Persönlichkeit von hohem Rang aufgrund wichtiger Veröffentlichungen oder sonstiger Arbeiten verleihen.

    English-German students dictionary > doctorate

  • 15 Braun, Karl Ferdinand

    [br]
    b. 6 June 1850 Fulda, Hesse, Germany
    d. 20 April 1918 New York City, New York, USA
    [br]
    German physicist who shared with Marconi the 1909 Nobel Prize for Physics for developments in wireless telegraphy; inventor of the cathode ray oscilloscope.
    [br]
    After obtaining degrees from the universities of Marburg and Berlin (PhD) and spending a short time as Headmaster of the Thomas School in Berlin, Braun successively held professorships in theoretical physics at the universities of Marburg (1876), Strasbourg (1880) and Karlsruhe (1883) before becoming Professor of Experimental Physics at Tübingen in 1885 and Director and Professor of Physics at Strasbourg in 1895.
    During this time he devised experimental apparatus to determine the dielectric constant of rock salt and developed the Braun high-tension electrometer. He also discovered that certain mineral sulphide crystals would only conduct electricity in one direction, a rectification effect that made it possible to detect and demodulate radio signals in a more reliable manner than was possible with the coherer. Primarily, however, he was concerned with improving Marconi's radio transmitter to increase its broadcasting range. By using a transmitter circuit comprising a capacitor and a spark-gap, coupled to an aerial without a spark-gap, he was able to obtain much greater oscillatory currents in the latter, and by tuning the transmitter so that the oscillations occupied only a narrow frequency band he reduced the interference with other transmitters. Other achievements include the development of a directional aerial and the first practical wavemeter, and the measurement in Strasbourg of the strength of radio waves received from the Eiffel Tower transmitter in Paris. For all this work he subsequently shared with Marconi the 1909 Nobel Prize for Physics.
    Around 1895 he carried out experiments using a torsion balance in order to measure the universal gravitational constant, g, but the work for which he is probably best known is the addition of deflecting plates and a fluorescent screen to the Crooke's tube in 1897 in order to study the characteristics of high-frequency currents. The oscilloscope, as it was called, was not only the basis of a now widely used and highly versatile test instrument but was the forerunner of the cathode ray tube, or CRT, used for the display of radar and television images.
    At the beginning of the First World War, while in New York to testify in a patent suit, he was trapped by the entry of the USA into the war and remained in Brooklyn with his son until his death.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics (jointly with Marconi) 1909.
    Bibliography
    1874, "Assymetrical conduction of certain metal sulphides", Pogg. Annal. 153:556 (provides an account of the discovery of the crystal rectifier).
    1897, "On a method for the demonstration and study of currents varying with time", Wiedemann's Annalen 60:552 (his description of the cathode ray oscilloscope as a measuring tool).
    Further Reading
    K.Schlesinger \& E.G.Ramberg, 1962, "Beamdeflection and photo-devices", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 50, 991.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Braun, Karl Ferdinand

  • 16 Cady, Walter Guyton

    [br]
    b. 10 December 1874 Providence, Rhode Island, USA
    d. 9 December 1974 Providence, Rhode Island, USA
    [br]
    American physicist renowned for his pioneering work on piezo-electricity.
    [br]
    After obtaining BSc and MSc degrees in physics at Brown University in 1896 and 1897, respectively, Cady went to Berlin, obtaining his PhD in 1900. Returning to the USA he initially worked for the US Coast and Geodetic Survey, but in 1902 he took up a post at the Wesleyan University, Connecticut, remaining as Professor of Physics from 1907 until his retirement in 1946. During the First World War he became interested in piezo-electricity as a result of attending a meeting on techniques for detecting submarines, and after the war he continued to work on the use of piezo-electricity as a transducer for generating sonar beams. In the process he discovered that piezo-electric materials, such as quartz, exhibited high-stability electrical resonance, and in 1921 he produced the first working piezo-electric resonator. This idea was subsequently taken up by George Washington Pierce and others, resulting in very stable oscillators and narrow-band filters that are widely used in the 1990s in radio communications, electronic clocks and watches.
    Internationally known for his work, Cady retired from his professorship in 1946, but he continued to work for the US Navy. From 1951 to 1955 he was a consultant and research associate at the California Institute of Technology, after which he returned to Providence to continue research at Brown, filing his last patent (one of over fifty) at the age of 93 years.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institute of Radio Engineers 1932. London Physical Society Duddell Medal. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Memorial Prize 1928.
    Bibliography
    28 January 1920, US patent no. 1,450,246 (piezo-electric resonator).
    1921, "The piezo-electric resonator", Physical Review 17:531. 1946, Piezoelectricity, New York: McGraw Hill (his classic work).
    Further Reading
    B.Jaffe, W.R.Cooke \& H.Jaffe, 1971, Piezoelectric Ceramics.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Cady, Walter Guyton

  • 17 Coolidge, William David

    SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 23 October 1873 Hudson, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 3 February 1975 New York, USA
    [br]
    American physicist and metallurgist who invented a method of producing ductile tungsten wire for electric lamps.
    [br]
    Coolidge obtained his BS from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1896, and his PhD (physics) from the University of Leipzig in 1899. He was appointed Assistant Professor of Physics at MIT in 1904, and in 1905 he joined the staff of the General Electric Company's research laboratory at Schenectady. In 1905 Schenectady was trying to make tungsten-filament lamps to counter the competition of the tantalum-filament lamps then being produced by their German rival Siemens. The first tungsten lamps made by Just and Hanaman in Vienna in 1904 had been too fragile for general use. Coolidge and his life-long collaborator, Colin G. Fink, succeeded in 1910 by hot-working directly dense sintered tungsten compacts into wire. This success was the result of a flash of insight by Coolidge, who first perceived that fully recrystallized tungsten wire was always brittle and that only partially work-hardened wire retained a measure of ductility. This grasped, a process was developed which induced ductility into the wire by hot-working at temperatures below those required for full recrystallization, so that an elongated fibrous grain structure was progressively developed. Sintered tungsten ingots were swaged to bar at temperatures around 1,500°C and at the end of the process ductile tungsten filament wire was drawn through diamond dies around 550°C. This process allowed General Electric to dominate the world lamp market. Tungsten lamps consumed only one-third the energy of carbon lamps, and for the first time the cost of electric lighting was reduced to that of gas. Between 1911 and 1914, manufacturing licences for the General Electric patents had been granted for most of the developed work. The validity of the General Electric monopoly was bitterly contested, though in all the litigation that followed, Coolidge's fibering principle was upheld. Commercial arrangements between General Electric and European producers such as Siemens led to the name "Osram" being commonly applied to any lamp with a drawn tungsten filament. In 1910 Coolidge patented the use of thoria as a particular additive that greatly improved the high-temperature strength of tungsten filaments. From this development sprang the technique of "dispersion strengthening", still being widely used in the development of high-temperature alloys in the 1990s. In 1913 Coolidge introduced the first controllable hot-cathode X-ray tube, which had a tungsten target and operated in vacuo rather than in a gaseous atmosphere. With this equipment, medical radiography could for the first time be safely practised on a routine basis. During the First World War, Coolidge developed portable X-ray units for use in field hospitals, and between the First and Second World Wars he introduced between 1 and 2 million X-ray machines for cancer treatment and for industrial radiography. He became Director of the Schenectady laboratory in 1932, and from 1940 until 1944 he was Vice-President and Director of Research. After retirement he was retained as an X-ray consultant, and in this capacity he attended the Bikini atom bomb trials in 1946. Throughout the Second World War he was a member of the National Defence Research Committee.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1965, "The development of ductile tungsten", Sorby Centennial Symposium on the History of Metallurgy, AIME Metallurgy Society Conference, Vol. 27, ed. Cyril Stanley Smith, Gordon and Breach, pp. 443–9.
    Further Reading
    D.J.Jones and A.Prince, 1985, "Tungsten and high density alloys", Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 19(1):72–84.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Coolidge, William David

  • 18 Heaviside, Oliver

    [br]
    b. 18 May 1850 London, England
    d. 2 February 1925 Torquay, Devon, England
    [br]
    English physicist who correctly predicted the existence of the ionosphere and its ability to reflect radio waves.
    [br]
    Brought up in poor, almost Dickensian, circumstances, at the age of 13 years Heaviside, a nephew by marriage of Sir Charles Wheatstone, went to Camden House Grammar School. There he won a medal for science, but he was forced to leave because his parents could not afford the fees. After a year of private study, he began his working life in Newcastle in 1870 as a telegraph operator for an Anglo-Dutch cable company, but he had to give up after only four years because of increasing deafness. He therefore proceeded to spend his time studying theoretical aspects of electrical transmission and communication, and moved to Devon with his parents in 1889. Because the operation of many electrical circuits involves transient phenomena, he found it necessary to develop what he called operational calculus (which was essentially a form of the Laplace transform calculus) in order to determine the response to sudden voltage and current changes. In 1893 he suggested that the distortion that occurred on long-distance telephone lines could be reduced by adding loading coils at regular intervals, thus creating a matched-transmission line. Between 1893 and 1912 he produced a series of writings on electromagnetic theory, in one of which, anticipating a conclusion of Einstein's special theory of relativity, he put forward the idea that the mass of an electric charge increases with its velocity. When it was found that despite the curvature of the earth it was possible to communicate over very great distances using radio signals in the so-called "short" wavebands, Heaviside suggested the presence of a conducting layer in the ionosphere that reflected the waves back to earth. Since a similar suggestion had been made almost at the same time by Arthur Kennelly of Harvard, this layer became known as the Kennelly-Heaviside layer.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1891. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1924. Honorary PhD Gottingen. Honorary Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
    Bibliography
    1872. "A method for comparing electro-motive forces", English Mechanic (July).
    1873. Philosophical Magazine (February) (a paper on the use of the Wheatstone Bridge). 1889, Electromagnetic Waves.
    Further Reading
    I.Catt (ed.), 1987, Oliver Heaviside, The Man, St Albans: CAM Publishing.
    P.J.Nahin, 1988, Oliver Heaviside, Sage in Solitude: The Life and Works of an Electrical Genius of the Victorian Age, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York.
    J.B.Hunt, The Maxwellians, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Heaviside, Oliver

  • 19 Leblanc, Nicolas

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 6 December 1742 Ivey-le-Pré, France
    d. 16 January 1806 Paris, France
    [br]
    French chemist, inventor of the Leblanc process for the manufacture of soda.
    [br]
    Orphaned at an early age, Leblanc was sent by his guardian, a doctor, to study medicine at the Ecole de Chirurgie in Paris. Around 1780 he entered the service of the Duke of Orléans as Surgeon. There he was able to pursue his interest in chemistry by carrying out research, particularly into crystallization; this bore fruit in a paper to the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1786, published in 1812 as a separate work entitled Crystallotechnie. At that time there was much concern that supplies of natural soda were becoming insufficient to meet the increasing demands of various industries, textile above all. In 1775 the Academy offered a prize of 2,400 livres for a means of manufacturing soda from sea salt. Several chemists studied the problem, but the prize was never awarded. However, in 1789 Leblanc reported in the Journal de physique for 1789 that he had devised a process, and he applied to his patron for support. The Duke had the process subjected to tests, and when these proved favourable he, with Leblanc and the referee, formed a company in February 1790 to exploit it. A patent was granted in 1791 and, with the manufacture of a vital substance at low cost based on a raw material, salt in unlimited supply, a bright prospect seemed to open out for Leblanc. The salt was treated with sulphuric acid to form salt-cake (sodium sulphate), which was then rotated with coal and limestone to form a substance from which the soda was extracted with water followed by evaporation. Hydrochloric acid was a valuable by-product, from which could be made calcium chloride, widely used in the textile and paper industries. The factory worked until 1793, but did not achieve regular production, and then disaster struck: Leblanc's principal patron, the Duke of Orléans, perished under the guillotine in the reign of terror; the factory was sequestered by the Revolutionary government and the agreement was revoked. Leblanc laboured in vain to secure adequate compensation. Eventually a grant was made towards the cost of restoring the factory, but it was quite inadequate, and in despair, Leblanc shot himself. However, his process proved to be one of the greatest inventions in the chemical industry, and was taken up in other countries and remained the leading process for the production of soda for a century. In 1855 his family tried again to vindicate his name and achieve compensation, this time with success.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.A.Leblanc, 1884, Nicolas Leblanc, sa vie, ses travaux et l'histoire de la soude artificielle, Paris (the standard biography, by his grandson).
    For more critical studies, see: C.C.Gillispie, 1957, "The discovery of the Leblanc process", Isis 48:152–70; J.G.Smith, 1970, "Studies in certain chemical industries in revolutionary and Napoleonic France", unpublished PhD thesis, Leeds University.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Leblanc, Nicolas

  • 20 Monro, Philip Peter

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 27 May 1946 London, England
    [br]
    English biologist, inventor of a water-purification process by osmosis.
    [br]
    Monro's whole family background is engineering, an interest he did not share. Instead, he preferred biology, an enthusiasm aroused by reading the celebrated Science of Life by H.G. and G.P.Wells and Julian Huxley. Educated at a London comprehensive school, Monro found it necessary to attend evening classes while at school to take his advanced level science examinations. Lacking parental support, he could not pursue a degree course until he was 21 years old, and so he gained valuable practical experience as a research technician. He resumed his studies and took a zoology degree at Portsmouth Polytechnic. He then worked in a range of zoology and medical laboratories, culminating after twelve years as a Senior Experimental Officer at Southampton Medical School. In 1989 he relinquished his post to devote himself fall time to developing his inventions as Managing Director of Hampshire Advisory and Technical Services Ltd (HATS). Also in 1988 he obtained his PhD from Southampton University, in the field of embryology.
    Monro had meanwhile been demonstrating a talent for invention, mainly in microscopy. His most important invention, however, is of a water-purification system. The idea for it came from Michael Wilson of the Institute of Dental Surgery in London, who evolved a technique for osmotic production of sterile oral rehydration solutions, of particular use in treating infants suffering from diarrhoea in third-world countries. Monro broadened the original concept to include dried food, intravenous solutions and even dried blood. The process uses simple equipment and no external power and works as follows: a dry sugar/salts mixture is sealed in one compartment of a double bag, the common wall of which is a semipermeable membrane. Impure water is placed in the empty compartment and the water transfers across the membrane by the osmotic force of the sugar/salts. As the pores in the membrane exclude all viruses, bacteria and their toxins, a sterile solution is produced.
    With the help of a research fellowship granted for humanitarian reasons at King Alfred College, Winchester, the invention was developed to functional prototype stage in 1993, with worldwide patent protection. Commercial production was expected to follow, if sufficient financial backing were forthcoming. The process is not intended to replace large installations, but will revolutionize the small-scale production of sterile water in scattered third-world communities and in disaster areas where normal services have been disrupted.
    HATS was awarded First Prize in the small business category and was overall prize winner in the Toshiba Year of Invention, received a NatWest/BP award for technology and a Prince of Wales Award for Innovation.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1993, with M.Wilson and W.A.M.Cutting, "Osmotic production of sterile oral rehydration solutions", Tropical Doctor 23:69–72.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Monro, Philip Peter

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